Schema- A schema is the set of metadata (data dictionary) used by the database, typically generated using DDL. A schema defines attributes of the database, such as tables, columns, and properties. A database schema is a description of the data in a database. simply you can consider a schema to be a user account and collection of all objects therein.
Database- A database is a thing that contains all the schemas you've created, and their data (and a bunch of predefined system users, tables, views, etc. that make the whole things work). The database is the widest container, it collects schemas, tablespaces (datafiles are parts of a tablespace) and one or more (RAC) instances.
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